Mysterious lighting effects with UV lighting: In the July issue, bild der wissenschaft focuses on biofluorescence and its use for research. While biologists are on the trail of the mechanisms and functions of the colored shimmer for animals and plants, scientists are already using it in a targeted manner: Fluorescence can be used to record the condition of fields and forests from a distance, and it is used in basic research to gain insights into the to win mysteries of life.
When it comes to biological glow, the first thing most people think of is the firefly. However, its luminosity is based on so-called bioluminescence, in which light is actively generated by biochemical processes. In addition, however, biofluorescence is also widespread in nature, as research has increasingly revealed in recent decades. Unlike bioluminescence, it is a passive glow. In the case of fluorescence, certain biomolecules emit radiation when they are excited by light from the blue or ultraviolet spectrum and return to their original energy state.
In the first article of the three-part title story, bdw author Tim Schröder reports on the history of the discovery and the mechanisms known to date of this luminous phenomenon, which normally remains hidden from our perception. In the meantime, it has been shown that not only do many marine animals glow under UV light – fluorescence effects have also been discovered in land creatures such as some amphibians or reptiles. In contrast to us, the biofluorescent creatures often also have the appropriate visual abilities to perceive the shimmer that moonlight or twilight can cause in conspecifics. In some cases, a function such as reproduction or deterrence of enemies is also emerging. However, according to the article, there are still many unanswered questions about the biological significance of fluorescence.
Fascinating shimmer with great potential
The phenomenon also occurs in plants, and some apparently also use fluorescence to promote animal dispersal of their seeds, for example. However, the article “Red Alert” focuses on a plant fluorescence effect that occurs as a side effect of stress. As the bdw author Andrea Hoferichter reports, plants in poor condition emit more red fluorescent light. The following applies: the worse the photosynthesis is, the brighter it shines. The effect can therefore be used as an early warning signal in agriculture or to monitor the condition of forests. Because the glow can even be detected from space by satellites. The author reports that researchers are currently working on the measurement and sensor technologies in order to further optimize the concept.
The third article then deals with the targeted use of fluorescent proteins in basic research: Juliette Irmer reports on the development history and the enormous importance of the Nobel Prize-winning process. Among other things, the fluorescence proteins are expressed in certain tissues or cells of model organisms. When used in light microscopy, they can then provide insights into the mysteries of life or the development of diseases. There are now hundreds of versions in all shades of color and the development of optimized fluorescence proteins and their possible applications is progressing, the author reports in the article “Luminous Research Helpers”.
You will find the cover story in the July issue of bild der wissenschaft, which will be available in stores from June 21st.